叶利钦死了

叶利钦终于死了，叶利钦早就死了

 

在我们回首的时候，长河中闪着那么一点烛光，我们为这一点烛光而怀念。

看wiki之前，先看这个：http://www.mindmeters.com/arshow.asp?id=2673

 

Second Life是一个令人激动的东西，这是第一个，但是一定不是最后一个，是一种游戏吗？很可能是一种生活方式。

 

wiki介绍Second Life的文章太全面了！所以我决定把wiki的文章直接贴上来。读完了wiki的介绍之后，对Second Life你有什么想法呢？我的想法是：Try It！

 

Second Life

Second Life (abbreviated as SL) is an Internet-based virtual world which came to international attention via mainstream news media in late 2006 and early 2007.^[4][5] Developed by Linden Lab, a downloadable client program enables its users, called "Residents", to interact with each other through motional avatars, providing an advanced level of a social network service combined with general aspects of a metaverse. Residents can explore, meet other Residents, socialize, participate in individual and group activities, create and trade items (virtual property) and services from one another.

Second Life is one of several virtual worlds that have been inspired by the cyberpunk literary movement, and particularly by Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash. The stated goal of Linden Lab is to create a world like the Metaverse described by Stephenson, a user-defined world of general use in which people can interact, play, do business, and otherwise communicate.^[6] Second Life's virtual currency is the Linden Dollar (Linden, or L$) and is exchangeable for US Dollars in a marketplace consisting of residents, Linden Lab and real life companies.

While Second Life is sometimes referred to as a game, it does not have points, scores, winners or losers, levels, an end-strategy, or most of the other characteristics of games. In all, more than five million accounts have been registered, though many are not active, and some Residents have multiple accounts. Despite its prominence, Second Life has notable competitors, including Active Worlds, There, and newcomers such as Entropia Universe, Dotsoul Cyberpark, Red Light Center, and Kaneva.

History

Second Life was founded by former RealNetworks CTO Philip Rosedale through Linden Lab.^[7] The initial alpha test version, named LindenWorld, was made available in 2002 to Residents with content creation experience,^[8] and the beta version was made publicly available in 2003.^[9] The beta versions had a different economic focus from that of Second Life's current version; Linden Dollars were far more freely obtainable, and could not be exchanged for real money, and the real monthly fee did not escalate with the amount of land the Resident owned.

Some significant dates in the growth of Second Life are:

• October 18, 2006 — 1 million registered accounts.^[10]
• December 14, 2006 — 2 million registered accounts.^[11]
• December 29, 2006 — First occurrence of 20,000 concurrent Residents.^[12]
• January 28, 2007 — 3 million registered accounts.^[13]
• February 1, 2007 — First occurrence of 30,000 concurrent Residents.
• February 24, 2007 — 4 million registered accounts.^[14]
• March 26, 2007 — 5 million registered accounts.

An analysis of the economy of Second Life before December 2006, published in The Guardian, suggested that the number of active Residents was "in the region of 100,000", and its churn rate was over 85%.^[15] Second Life statistics claim that 144,108 customers spent money in-world in December 2006.^[16]

As of February 2007, the number of online Residents follows a fairly regular daily pattern, reaching an approximate minimum of 17,000 (around 10 a.m. UTC) and maximum of 35,000 (around 10 p.m. UTC).^{[citation needed]}

One study extrapolates 25 million total accounts, with 150,000 Residents simultaneously online, by March 2008.^[17]

Features of the virtual world

Residents

Main article: Resident (Second Life)

Residents are the users of Second Life, and their appearance is their avatar (often abbreviated to av). The basic avatar is human in appearance, but avatars may be of either sex, have a wide range of physical attributes, and may be clothed or otherwise customized to produce a wide variety of humanoid and other forms. A single person may have multiple accounts, and thus appear to be multiple Residents (a person's multiple accounts are referred to as alts). However, the use of additional accounts requires the Resident to register them and pay a small fee, though you can just make multiple accounts saying "this is my first account" and not having to pay for it. This is done by many people. Also, a single Resident's appearance in Second Life can vary dramatically at will, as avatars are easily modified.

Communication and transport

Within Second Life, there are two main methods of text-based communication: local chat, and global "instant messaging" (known as IM). Chatting is used for public localized conversations between two or more avatars, and can be "heard" within 25 m. Avatars can also 'shout' ('audible' within 100 m) and 'whisper' ('audible' within 10 m). IM is used for private conversations, either between two avatars, or between the members of a group. Unlike chatting, IM communication does not depend on the participants being within a certain distance of each other. Voice communication is currently being developed.

The most basic method of moving around is by foot. To travel more rapidly, avatars can also fly up to about 170 m over the terrain (meaning 270 m if ground level is 100 m, 180 m if ground level is set to 10 m) without requiring any special equipment, and with scripted attachments there is currently no limit to how high an avatar can fly (although once past several thousand meters, the rendering of the avatar mesh starts to be affected).^{[citation needed]}

Avatars can also ride in vehicles; many vehicles are available — there is a basic go-kart contained in the object library and there are many Resident-made vehicles available freely and for purchase including helicopters, submarines and hot-air balloons.^{[citation needed]} Airborne vehicles can fly up to about 4000 m high (the maximum altitude allowed for any object).^{[citation needed]}

For instantaneous travel, avatars can teleport (commonly abbreviated to "TP") directly to a specific location. An avatar can create a personal landmark (often called an LM) at their current location, and then teleport back to that location at any time, or give a copy of the landmark to another avatar.

There are some external websites that allow Residents to locate each other from outside of the virtual world, and SLurl.com allows external links through the Second Life World Map to locations in-world.

Economy and real estate

Main article: Economy of Second Life

Main article: Real estate (Second Life)

Second Life has its own economy and a currency referred to as Linden Dollars (L$). Though the exchange rate fluctuates, as of February 2007 it is reasonably stable at around L$ 270 to one US dollar.^[18]

Residents create new goods and services, and buy and sell them in the Second Life virtual world. There are also currency exchanges where Residents can exchange US$ or other real world currencies for L$. These exchanges are open markets, except that Linden Lab sometimes changes in world Linden Dollar "sinks" or sells Linden dollars to attempt to keep the exchange rate relatively stable. A small percentage of Residents derive net incomes from this economy, ranging from a few hundred to several thousand US$ per month, while a larger percentage derive a gross income large enough to offset most of their expenditures in L$. The currency has become the subject of concern in economic circles in regard to possible taxation.^[19]

Premium members can own land (up to 512 m2 without additional fees). Owning larger areas of land incurs an additional fee (which Linden Lab calls "tier") ranging from US$5 a month up to US$295 a month for an individual island.^[20][21] Linden Lab used to sell land at a reduced rate to new Residents in small 512 m2 lots (e.g., 16 by 32 meters) through its First Land program, but this program ended on 20 February 2007 as the land was often being quickly resold at a profit rather than kept by the Resident.^[22] It also sells 16 acre (65536 m²) regions. Once a Resident buys land he or she may resell it freely and use it for any purpose. The only exception to this is land purchased in "private sims" or "private islands", which are governed by Residents and not Linden Labs. These private islands have what are called covenants that may restrict use of the land, such as prohibiting any commercial activity, or even resale of the land itself.

The BlackTrend's CEO Enrico Gallingani used the word Meta Economy in a conference about the Virtual Worlds to refer the economy growing in the Metaverse of Second Life with potential new marketing tools and business models.

Creation and copyright

One of the distinguishing characteristics of Second Life is that the Residents, not Linden Lab, create most of the content of the world. The Resident avatars are one example of such user-generated content.

There is a 3D modeling tool in Second Life that allows any Resident with the right skills to build virtual buildings, landscape, vehicles, furniture, and machines to use, trade, or sell. This is a primary source of activity in the economy. Any Resident can also make gestures from small animations and sounds from the standard library. Outside Second Life, Residents can use various graphics, animation, and sound tools to create more elaborate items, and upload them into the world. Once the creation is in the world of Second Life, the system makes efforts to help protect the exclusive rights of the content creator.

Second Life also includes a scripting language called Linden Scripting Language, or LSL. LSL is used to add autonomous behavior to many of the objects in Second Life, such as doors that open when approached. LSL has been used to create relatively advanced systems, such as the artificial life experiment on the island of Svarga, where a complete ecology runs autonomously (including clouds, rain, sunshine, bees, birds, trees and flowers).^[23]

When objects are created (or instantiated) in-world and then transferred to the Resident's computer, they are said to "rez" — a reference to the Disney movie Tron. This also appears in LSL, where the command to create an object is llRezObject().^[24]

A Resident who creates some item and the Resident that owns an item retain certain rights, simulating and in some ways enhancing the copyright available in the real world. The creator can mark an item as "no copy," which means that no copies of it can be made by others, "no mod," which means that others may not modify the item's characteristics, and "no trans," which means that the current owner may not give it to another.

Live music performances take place in Second Life, in the sense that vocal and instrumental music by Second Life Residents can be provided from their homes and studios. This is played into microphones, uploaded to audio streams, and played in-world for the enjoyment of other Residents. This started with performances by Astrin Few in May 2004^[25] and began to gain popularity mid 2005. For example the UK band, Passenger, performed on the Menorca Island in mid-2006.^[26] Linden Lab added an Event Category "Live Music" in March 2006 to accommodate the increasing number of scheduled events.^[27]

Businesses and organizations in Second Life

Main article: Businesses and Organizations in Second Life

A combination of Linden Lab granting Second Life Residents the copyright over their content,^[28] and legal trading of the in-world currency "Linden Dollars" (L$)^[29] has encouraged the creation of solely in-world businesses, the creation of legally registered companies that were previously solely in-world, and the in-world participation of previously unrelated companies and organizations.

In early 2007 the Swedish Institute stated it was about to set up an Embassy in Second Life.^[30] The Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Carl Bildt, stated on his blog that he hoped he would get an invitation to the grand opening.^[31]

Education in Second Life

Second Life has recently emerged as one of the cutting-edge virtual classrooms for major colleges and universities, including Harvard, Pepperdine, Elon University, Ohio University, Ball State, New York University, Stanford University, Delft University of Technology^[32] and AFEKA Tel-Aviv Academic College of Engineering.^[33] Second Life fosters a welcoming atmosphere for administrators to host lectures and projects online, selling more than 100 islands for educational purposes, according to a New York Times article.^[34] The article quoted Rebecca Nesson, an instructor at Harvard who brought her Legal Studies class to Second Life in the second half of 2006. "Normally, no matter how good a distance-learning class is, an inherent distance does still exist between you and your students," she says. "Second Life has really bridged that gap. There is just more unofficial time that we spend together outside of the typical class session." Joe Sanchez, a researcher at the University of Texas at Austin evaluated the use of Second Life in education in an interactive qualitative analysis, finding that once students overcome the technical and interface difficulties with Second Life, they "indicate a preference to social learning activities and find it enjoyable to interact with other avatars while learning in this space".^[35]

Pricing

It is possible, and quite common, to join Second Life for free. Many activities in Second Life are free, but others cost money, payable in Linden dollars (Second Life's in-world currency; see Economy and real estate). For example, goods and services may be charged for by other Residents — these charges are not set by Linden Lab, and so are not included under membership pricing, but are simply part of the economy of Second Life. There are two types of accounts in Second Life: "basic accounts" and "premium accounts". Basic accounts have no recurring fee, but lack the right to own land within Second Life. As of February 2007, the premium account fee is set at $9.95 per month, although this reduces to $6.00 per month if the fee is paid annually.^[36] Premium accounts receive a weekly stipend (paid in Linden dollars) which somewhat offsets the membership payment. This stipend has reduced with time; as of February 2007, it is L$300 per week.^[37][38] Basic accounts registered before 29 May 2006 receive a stipend of L$50 for every week in which they log into Second Life, but no stipend is provided to basic accounts registered after that time.^[39]

Teen Second Life

Main article: Teen Second Life

Teen Second Life was developed in early 2005 to enable people aged 13-17 to play Second Life without entering false information to participate in the Main Grid. Both Grids at that time required the entry of credit card details, but the Main Grid made it mandatory that the credit card be the Resident's own, whereas the Teen Grid made it mandatory that it belonged to a parent. (Since then, the requirement for a credit card to register on the Main Grid has been removed. A credit card is no longer required to register on the Teen Grid, only a valid cell phone with SMS enabled.)

Issues and criticisms

Main article: Second Life issues and criticisms

Because it is under constant development, and is an open environment that can be used by almost anyone with broadband internet access,^[40] Second Life has encountered a number of challenges. These range from the technical (Budgeting of server resources) and moral (pornography) to legal (legal position of the Linden Dollar, Linden Lab lawsuit).

Prior to June 6, 2006, all Residents were required to verify their identities by providing Linden Lab with a valid credit card or PayPal account number, or by responding to a cell phone SMS text message.^[41] (Residents providing information were not charged if their account type cost nothing to create.) After that date, it became possible to create an account with only an e-mail address; even standard verification methods such as e-mail reply verification are not used.^[42] Access to Teen Second Life still requires credit card details. Linden Lab has the ability to ban Residents from Second Life based on a hardware hash of their local PC,^[43] preventing them from returning with other accounts.

In January 2007, two articles were published on the Internet which compared the economy of Second Life to a pyramid scheme.^[44][45] In the same month, a "virtual riot" erupted between members of the French extremist party National Front who had established a virtual HQ on Second Life, and opponents, including Second Life Left Unity, a socialist and anti-capitalist user-group.^{[46][47][48][49]} Since then, several small internet based organizations have claimed some responsibility for instigating the riots.^[50]

Parody

Second Life is parodied by the website "Get a First Life" by Darren Barefoot, extolling the virtues of meatspace/real life.^[51] Instead of sending the site creator a cease and desist letter, Linden Lab sent him a humorous "Permit-and-Proceed" letter.^[52] Material from the site includes false links to such topics as "Go Outside [-] Membership is Free" and "Fornicate Using Your Actual Genitals."

Technical information

The flat, Earth-like world of Second Life is simulated on a large array of Debian servers, referred to as the Grid.^[53] The world is divided into 256x256m areas of land, called Regions. Each Region is simulated by a single server, and is given a unique name and content rating (either PG or Mature).

Software

The Second Life software comprises the viewer (also known as the client) executing on the Resident's computer, and several thousand servers operated by Linden Labs. There is an active beta-grid that has its own special client, which is updated very regularly, and is used for constant software testing by volunteers. This testing software was introduced to eliminate the short amounts of time between real updates, and increase its overall quality. The beta-grid reflects the standard main-grid, except that the actions taken within it are not stored by the servers, it is for testing purposes only. Every few months, the standard software is replaced by the beta-grid software, intended as a big upgrade. The Second Life user-base is growing rapidly, and this has stimulated both social and technological changes to the world; the addition of new features also provides periodic boosts to the growth of the economy.

Linden Lab pursues the use of open standards technologies, and uses free/open source software such as Apache and Squid.^[54] The plan is to move everything to open standards by standardizing the Second Life protocol. Cory Ondrejka, Vice President of Product Development, has stated that a while after everything has been standardized, both the client and the server will be released as free/open source software.^[55]

1. The current in-house virtual machine will eventually be replaced with Mono,^[56] which will reportedly produce a dramatic speed improvement.
2. uBrowser, an OpenGL port of the Gecko rendering engine, which has been used in the client since version 1.10.1^[57] to display the Help documentation, will also be used to display webpages on any of the surfaces of any 3D object the Resident creates.

Linden Lab provides viewers for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and most distributions of Linux. Viewer upgrades are usually mandatory; the old viewer will not work with the new version of the server software. However, Linden Labs is working on a more flexible protocol that will allow clients and servers to send and take whatever data they may require, hence differing versions would nonetheless be able to work together.

As of January 8, 2007, the Viewer is distributed under version 2 of the GNU General Public License,^[1][2] with an additional clause allowing combination with certain other free software packages which have otherwise-incompatible licenses. Currently not all of the required dependencies have been released. See https://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/Open_Source_Portal for details.

The OS X viewer is a universal binary and is about twice the size of the Windows and GNU+Linux binaries.^[58]

Second Life protocol

Main article: libsecondlife

In May 2006 it was announced that the Second Life protocol had been reverse-engineered. A wiki was set up to further the effort.^[59]

Since this project produced some useful software, Linden Labs modified the TOS to allow third-party programs to access Second Life,^[60] enabling the project to be formalized under the name libsecondlife. Among functions developed are a map API, the ability to create objects larger than normally allowed (recently disabled), and other unforeseen capabilities.^{[citation needed]}

 

 

对于google输入法和sogou输入法不吐不快的破事！

 

sogou输入法说google输入法抄袭了它的词库

 

今天和dzhang先讨论了几句这个话题，他支持我写一篇雄文来说清楚这个问题，但是我发现要我写一篇雄文来阐述一个非常清楚的道理，这个道理清楚得如此之清楚搞得我兴趣全无，并且我看到smth上面居然开了一个版面来讨论这个破事，而且里面绝大多数人脑子清楚，并且还有一篇雄文已经从法律上阐明了这个问题，我只能把它贴出来，希望smth的人不要告我未经允许转贴文章，我行走在法律的边缘。

 

在贴出水母牛人的雄文之前，我要呼吁：

 

强烈呼吁商务印书馆的《现代汉语词典》停止对上海辞书出版社的《辞海》的词库的侵权行为！！！
强烈呼吁保护上海辞书出版社的《辞海》的词库的知识产权！！！

 

下面是smth的雄文：

 

受著作权法保护的客体是具有独创性的作品，词或词组是构成文字作品的基本单位，其本身不能成为著作意义上的作品，既使某个词或词组具有独创性，因其不是作品，其创作者不享有著作权。关于这点可以自己去查案例，无论你用谷歌还是搜狗都是可以搜到很多的。虽然我国不是英美法系的国家，但是在实际操作中，案例可以拿来用的。

词库是词语无序的集合(排列顺序，记忆方式那是词频和组词的问题，和词库本身是两回事，不要混淆)，词语本身不是著作权法保护的客体，词库同样也不是。如果你要拿小说对比，小说是词语有序的排列，排列顺序是原创性的，所以受保护，而词库不是。很简单的判别方法，我把词库里的所有词随机打乱，他还是这个词库，但是你把小说里的词打乱下看看……

如果说要保护，那么著作权法保护的应该是词频，而不是词库。词频可以确认词库的唯一排列顺序，这个顺序是原创性的，不可打乱的，和小说的组词类似，因此每个输入法都对自己的词频享有著作权，而非词库。

所以说如果谷歌拼音只有词库和搜狗类似，并没有牵涉到版权问题，只有词频一样了才可以算侵权。现在这个状况，就是在未事先告知情况下对他人版权所有的产品中的部分无版权的公共领域内容的重新演绎，至多就是没给搜狗面子而已，和侵权完全没有关系。

 

在牛文之后我加一句，不光保护词频，还应该保护生成词库的方法，比如从网络的网页中的数据挖掘技术。其实输入法的数据挖掘和搜索领域当中的数据挖掘有异曲同工之妙，是IT发展的一个重要领域。

我们在一起

这里有一封信，令人激动，虽然是一封格式信，但是让我感到温暖，同在一片蓝天下，贡献一点点力量，帮助了别人，也在帮助自己

 

World Community Grid，IBM的一个Grid计算项目。我下面对Grid计算稍作解释，网格(grid)计算的基本想法是把尽量多的计算机通过网络连接，通过一些算法把整体的项目分解为一份一份的计算项目，让每台参与网格计算的计算机承担一份或者多份计算，最终由网格计算的主机汇总这些单独的计算得到最终的结果。理论上，参与计算的计算机越多，网格计算的整体计算能力越强大。

 

举个例子，比如说有A, B两台计算机参与了网格计算，题目(VB语法)是：

a=1:b=2:c=3

x=a+b:y=a+c:z=x+y

第一行算作参数传递，第二行算作计算过程，假设参数传递运行时间可以忽略，计算过程每一步时间消耗为1。

那么，作为一个单独的计算机，整个计算过程的时间是3

而如果我们考虑如下过程，

让A计算机计算x=a+b，B计算机计算y=a+c，然后把x,y传递给A或者B计算z=x+y，那么整个计算过程的时间是2。可以看到实际上网格计算是一种并行计算。

 

实际当中，参数通过网络传递一定有延迟，这个延迟会降低整体的计算性能。考虑大型计算的规模，实际网络传递的延迟可以忽略不计。并行计算带来了另外一个问题，如果改一下题目：

a=1:b=2:c=3:d=4

x=a+b:y=x+c:z=y+d

不管是不是用网格计算还是单机计算，计算时间都是3，也就是说并不是所有题目都能通过并行计算提高性能。

 

实际上，网格计算的优势体现在大规模的并行计算，比如在寻找素数的工作中，每个计算机可以独立承担验证一个数是否是素数的工作，甚至可以验证其中一段，比如验证3128312831是不是素数，一台计算机可能只需要计算这个数是否可以被2~1000整除。

 

在并行计算的项目里，网格计算是一种被看好的取代大型计算机的计算方式，因为理论上，大型计算机的计算能力的提高受到物理极限的局限，而且大型计算机成本巨大，而网格计算能力的提高取决于参与网格计算的计算机的多少，每台计算机都是普通的pc，提到计算能力所需要的成本远低于大型计算机。

 

IBM这个项目和现在世界上大部分网格计算项目都采取了一种相同的方式来扩展参与的计算机。他们推出一种客户端软件，客户端可以从服务器下载数据，并且向服务器传递计算结果。这个软件抢占所有空闲的CPU资源，或者集成在屏保程序中，利用计算机的空闲时间进行计算。对于每个人来说，安装客户端，That's all!。

 

如果觉得自己CPU够好，不会因为连续的100%的占用率而烧掉，就可以尝试一下这些网格计算项目。说不定我们微薄的力量汇聚成的计算能力能帮助人类找到克服癌症的方法。Try it!

 

Dear XX,

World Community Grid is pleased to announce that the Help Defeat Cancer (HDC) project is finished. The last work units have been sent out and when the final results are returned, the project will come to an end. This project, which launched on July 20, 2006, will have run for just over 9 months by the time the last results are returned. During this time 88,000 members will have donated 2,900 years of computer time on 138,000 different computers. This is a significant contribution to cancer research.

But the end of this project is really only a beginning. Based on the results, the researchers who are working on this project have a very aggressive plan to make Tissue Microarray technology an integral part of early cancer detection. World Community Grid's team will keep in close touch with the research team and will post updates on the website in the Research pages (http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/projects_showcase/viewResearch.do ). The researchers will also continue to update their HDC website  (http://pleiad.umdnj.edu/IBM/ ) with exciting updates about this project and the inroads it is making on cancer research.

On behalf of the research staff at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, World Community Grid's team wish to express our thanks to you for contributing your PC power to this project. With your contribution, this project was completed in a fraction of the time it would otherwise have taken.

We also want to inform you that World Community Grid has started work on a new cancer project to discover ways to accelerate the crystallization process used in studying cancer protein structure using X-ray Crystallography, which will help researchers identify proteins involved in cancers and lead to new drug therapies and cures. We plan to launch this new cancer project in the May/June 2007 time frame. You will receive more information on this project prior to the official launch date.

We still need your help with other ongoing projects! World Community Grid continues to run the FightAIDS@Home, Genome Comparison, Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy and Human Proteome Folding - Phase II projects. These critical research projects need your computer time as well.

IMPORTANT: If you have elected to participate only in the Help Defeat Cancer project (which has now been completed), you must take some action to prevent your World Community Grid agent from sitting idle on your PC until the next cancer project launches.  Please sign in to World Community Grid, and from the "My Grid" page, select the "My Projects" link from the menu on the left. From the "My Projects" page, select one or more of the other projects in which you choose to participate. If no action is taken within the next 3 weeks, we will set your default to Participate in All Projects. You will then be automatically enrolled to participate in the next cancer research project when it is launched in May or June.

Again, thank you for your contribution to the highly successful completion of the Help Defeat Cancer project!

------------------------------------------------------------

Personal Statistics
- Registered:  April 01, 2005
- Run Time:  1 day
- Points:  181
- Results:  1

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